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systemic bias
Systemic bias, also called institutional bias, is the inherent tendency of a process to support particular outcomes. The term generally refers to human systems such as institutions; the equivalent bias in non-human systems (such as measurement instruments or mathematical models used to estimate physical quantities) is often called systematic bias, and leads to systematic error in measurements or estimates. The issues of systemic bias are dealt with extensively in the field of industrial organization economics.
==In human institutions==
Because cognitive bias is inherent in the experiences, loyalties, and relationships of people in their daily lives, it cannot be abolished by education or training, but awareness of biases can be increased, allowing correctional mechanisms to be institutionalized. For example, the goal of affirmative action in the United States is to counter biases concerning gender, race, and ethnicity, by opening up institutional participation to people with a wider range of backgrounds, and hence a wider range of points of view. In India, the system of scheduled castes and tribes intends to address systemic bias caused by the controversial caste system, a system centered on organized discrimination based upon one's ancestry, not unlike the system that affirmative action aims to counter. Both the scheduling system and affirmative action mandate the hiring of citizens from within designated groups. However, without sufficient restrictions based upon the actual socio-economic standing of the recipients of the aid provided, these types of system can, and allegedly do, result in the unintentional institutionalization of a reversed form of the same systemic bias,〔Jaroff, Leon et al. (April 4, 1994) ("Teaching Reverse Racism" ), ''Time Magazine''〕 which works against the goal of rendering institutional participation open to people with a wider range of backgrounds. It can therefore be argued that systemic bias is inevitable, and that all human institutions can do is to minimize it as much as possible, and utilize education to increase awareness of it wherever possible.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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